Craig Lawrence Browdy February 2002

CURRICULUM VITAE AND LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Personal Details

Name: Craig Lawrence Browdy
Date of Birth: June 9, 1958
Place of Birth: Washington DC, USA
Citizenship: USA
Work Address: Marine Resources Research Institute
South Carolina Department of Natural Resources
217 Ft. Johnson Rd. (P.O. Box 12559)
Charleston, SC 29422 USA
Phone: 843-762-5017
Home Address: 5 Tomotley Ct.
Charleston, SC 29407 USA
Phone: 843-225-6122
FAX: 425-944-2449
Email: browdycl@musc.edu
 

Education

B.A. 1976-1980 University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA. General Undergraduate Studies, Honors program: Independently designed course of studies.
B.Sc. 1976-1981 University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA. General Biological Sciences. Marine Biology.
Ph.D. 1982-1989 Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. Honors program for outstanding students of direct course of studies towards the Ph.D. degree. Advisor: Prof. Yossi Loya. Thesis: Aspects of the reproductive biology of Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan 1844.


Employment History

1994 - Present: Associate Marine Scientist. Responsible for development and execution of an R&D program on the farming and husbandry of marine shrimp in South Carolina. Research priorities include shrimp seed supply and breeding; pathology, disease control and associated regulatory issues; intensive culture technologies; pond microbial ecology and environmentally friendly pond management strategies; and national and international market development. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Waddell Mariculture Center, Bluffton, SC, USA.

1990 - 1994: Assistant Marine Scientist. Principle investigator for the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program responsible for development and execution of an R&D program with the goal of expansion of the marine shrimp farming industry in South Carolina. Research priorities include shrimp seed supply; disease control technologies; culture technologies; management strategies; and national and international market development. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Waddell Mariculture Center, Bluffton, SC, USA.

1989 - 1990: Assistant Marine Scientist. Responsibilities included: 1. The development and execution of an experimental program for the controlled maturation and reproduction of Penaeus vannamei, P. setiferus and other species. 2. Supervision of the collection, computer storage and analysis of data. 3. Supervision of biologists and technicians. 4. Assist in writing of research proposals and reports. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Waddell Mariculture Center, Bluffton, SC USA.

1984 - 1988: Teaching Assistant: Marine Population Ecology, Selected Topics in Zoology, Invertebrate Zoology, Introduction to Marine Biology. Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.

1985 - 1988 Research Assistant: Directed the collection of live wild Penaeus semisulcatus and P. japonicus brood stock from the Eastern Mediterranean and their transport to the Mariculture Laboratory at Eilat, Red Sea. Research assistant responsible for the development of in vitro ovary culture bioassay systems for quantitative estimation of protein and vitellogenin synthesis. Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Institute, Haifa, Israel.

1982 - 1988 Technical and Research assistant. Responsibilities included: 1- Penaeus monodon, P. semisulcatus and P. stylirostris brood stock management. 2-The development of a system for the captive maturation and spawning of P. semisulcatus on a year round basis for the controlled mass production of eggs and larvae. 3- Assisting in the design and execution of experimental and pilot scale research on aspects of shrimp culture including hatchery, nursery and grow out trials under extensive, semi-intensive and intensive conditions. National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, Israel.

1981 - 1982: Technical and Research Assistant. Responsibilities included: Experimentation on the effect of salinity on growth of juvenile Penaeus monodon and P. semisulcatus. Development of techniques for the rearing of marine shrimp larvae on fish pond effluent. Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Institute, Mariculture Laboratory, Eilat, Israel.

Professional Activities

Positions in academic administration

2001 - Present: Adjunct Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Wildlife, Clemson University, Clemson, SC USA

1999 - Present: Adjunct Professor of Marine Science, College of Science and Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA.

1995 - Present: Adjunct Professor, Mariculture Program, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX USA.

1993 - Present: Adjunct Assistant Professor, Marine Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA.

1991 - Present: Adjunct Professor, Marine Biology Program, Grice Marine Laboratory, University of Charleston, Charleston, SC USA.

1989 - Present: Director Search Committee, Information Technology and Communications Committee, Mariculture Review Committee, Non-indigenous Species Committee, SC Marine Shrimp Hatchery Feasibility Study Committee, Crustacean Coordinating Committee, Aquaculture Policy Taskforce. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Division, Marine Resources Research Institute, Charleston, SC USA.

2001 - Present: Assistant director, Aquaculture section, Marine Resources Research Institute. Scientific director - Waddell Mariculture Center, Bluffton, SC

Professional functions outside universities/institutions

Present World Aquaculture Society: President

2001 - 2002 World Aquaculture Society: President Elect

1999 - 2001 World Aquaculture Society: Treasurer.

1996 - 1999 World Aquaculture Society: Board of Directors.

1989 - Present World Aquaculture Society: Aquaculture 95, San Diego, shrimp special session program committee. World Aquaculture 96, Bangkok, shrimp special session program committee chair. World Aquaculture 99, Aquaculture 01 Orlando, shrimp special session program committee chair Sydney, co-chair program committee. World Aquaculture 02, Beijing, steering and program committee member, World Aquaculture 03, Salvador Brazil, steering committee chairman.

Significant professional consulting

2002: Hatchery and farm evaluation and recommendations for improving production. East Africa.

2002: Lecture and seminar series for commercial farmers and academia: Cuidad Obregon Mexico; Salvador Brazil; Natal Brazil; Fortaleza Brazil

1999-2000: Development of strategies for prevention and control of WSSV. Implementation of a study on the epidemiology of WSSV in commercial farms. Guayaquil, Ecuador.

1999-2000: Site and design evaluations, for intensive zero exchange shrimp farm. Panama City, Panama.

1997- 2002: Site evaluations, design and implementation for inland groundwater based arid region superintensive shrimp production systems. Negev, Israel.

1993-1999: Hatchery and farm evaluation and recommendations for improving production. Panama City, Panama.

1998: Technical advisory committee member CENAIM, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

1997: Hatchery and farm evaluation and recommendations for improving production. Queensland, Australia.

1993-1994: Farm evaluation and recommendations for improving growth and intensification of existing production systems. Hatchery evaluation and recommendations for restarting PL production. Cartagena, Colombia.

1992-1994: Farm evaluation and recommendations for implementation of semi-intensive production in existing facilities, Can Gio District, Vietnam.

1990-1995: Site evaluations, design and implementation for semi-intensive shrimp farm and hatchery development, Guerrero, Mexico.

1990-1991: Consulting services for operation and intensification of nursery and growout for a 45 HA farm, Parorja, Ecuador.

1989: Site evaluation for semi-intensive shrimp farm in Loma Linda y Madero, Sinaloa, Mexico.

Editor or member of editorial board for scientific or professional journal

1999 - Present: Aquaculture Research - Member Editorial Board

1996- Present: World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Managing Book Editor responsible for development of new books, editorial review, production, and marketing efforts. Books published include: 1) A Guide to the Common Problems and Diseases of Cultured Penaeus vannamei by J.Brock and K. Main, 2) A Handbook of Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases of Penaeid Shrimp by D. Lightner, 3) Tilapia Aquaculture in the Americas, Volumes 1&2 by B. Costa-Pierce, 4) Health Management, Development and Histology of Seed Oysters by R. Elston, 5) Cryopreservation in Aquatic Species by T. Tiersch and P. Mazik. 6) Manual De Histología Del Camarón Penaeido Normal by T.A. Bell and D.V. Lightner. 7) Producción de Juveniles de Peces Estuarinos para un Centro en América Latina y el Caribe: Diseño, Operación y Tecnologías by L. Alvarez-Lajonchère and O.G. Hernández Molejón. 8) Microbial Approaches to Aquatic Nutrition Within Environmentally Sound Aquaculture Production Systems by C.S. Lee and P. O'Bryen. 9) Perspectives on Responsible Aquaculture for the New Millenium by R.L. Creswell and R. Flos.

Membership in professional/scientific societies

World Aquaculture Society. Crustacean Society. South Carolina Shrimp Growers Association. South Carolina Aquaculture Association.

Educational Activities

Courses Taught

Guest Lecturer in Aquaculture: Clemson Univeersity, Clemson, SC USA. University of Charleston, Charleston, SC USA

Research Students

1997 - P. Kinne: M.Sc. Thesis: Preliminary studies on biofiltration of intensive shrimp pond effluent.

1994 - M. Misamore: M.Sc. thesis - Contributions to the reproductive biology of two litopenaeid species: Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus setiferus.


Awards Citations Honors Fellowships

1985 World Mariculture Society Best Paper Award. "Maturation and spawning of ablated and non-ablated Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan (1844)" presented by C.L. Browdy and T.M. Samocha.

1987 Professor C. Lewinsohn Award for outstanding Achievement in Graduate Studies Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University. Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.

1995 and 1996 Certificates of Appreciation: Outstanding service and contribution to The World Aquaculture Society in publication development B 1995, 1996.

1999 Certificate of Appreciation: Excellence as Co-Chairman of the Program Committee for World Aquaculture 99.

Scientific Publications

Authored books

1. Browdy C.L. and J.S. Hopkins (editors). 1995. Swimming Through Troubled Water, Proceedings of the Special Session on Shrimp Farming, Aquaculture '95. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA USA. 253 pp.
2. Browdy, C.L. and D.E. Jory (editors). 2001. The New Wave, Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable Shrimp Farming, Aquaculture 2001. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA USA. 310 pp.

Chapters in collective volumes and conference proceedings

1. Browdy, C.L., D. Bratvold, A.D. Stokes and R.P.Mcintosh. 2001. Perspectives on the application of closed shrimp culture systems. In: Browdy, C.L. and D.E. Jory (eds.). The New Wave, Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable Shrimp Farming, Aquaculture 2001. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA USA.
2. Jahncke, M.L., C.L. Browdy, D.C. Smith, A. Segars, M.H. Schwartz, J.L. Silva, and A.D. Stokes. 2001. Use of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles as a risk management tool to control exotic viruses at at shrimp production and processing facilities. In: Browdy, C.L. and D.E. Jory (eds.). The New Wave, Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable Shrimp Farming, Aquaculture 2001. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA USA. pp.
3. Browdy, C.L., D. Bratvold, J.S. Hopkins and A.D. Stokes. 1998. Progressive pond management strategies for improving sustainable shrimp production. Proceedings of the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress. Panama City, Panama.
4. Browdy, C.L. and Bratvold, D. 1998. Preliminary development of a biosecure shrimp production system. In S.M. Moss (ed.). Proceedings of the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program Biosecurity Workshop. Oceanic Institute, Honolulu, HI. pp. 19-38.
5. Browdy, C.L. and C.Q. Jiang. 1997. Live shipment of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei without water. In: B. Paust and J.B. Peters (eds). Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products. Northwest regional Agricultural Extension Service, Ithaca, NY USA. pp. 94-100.
6. Browdy, C.L. and D. Bratvold. 1997. Pond microbial communities: significance, assessment, and management. Proceedings of the Fourth Ecuadorian Aquaculture Conference, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
7. Browdy, C.L., A.D. Stokes and P.A. Sandifer. 1996. Shrimp Farm Management: Meeting the Challenges Proceedings of the International Forum of Shrimp Culture 96'. Banco de Mexico, FIRA, Division de Pesca. Morelia, Mich., Mexico.
8. Lotz, J.M., C.L. Browdy, W.H. Carr, P.F. Frelier and D.V. Lightner. 1995. USMSFP suggested procedures and guidelines for assuring the specific pathogen status of shrimp broodstock and seed. In: Browdy, C.L. and Hopkins, J.S. (eds.). Swimming Through Troubled Water, Proceedings of the Special Session on Shrimp Farming, Aquaculture '95. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA USA pp. 157-166.
9. Hopkins, J.S., P.A. Sandifer and C.L. Browdy. 1995. A review of water management regimes which abate the environmental impacts of shrimp farming. In: Browdy, C.L. and Hopkins, J.S. (eds.). Swimming Through Troubled Water, Proceedings of the Special Session on Shrimp Farming, Aquaculture '95. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA USA pp. 66-75.
10. Browdy, C.L., A.D. Stokes, J.S. Hopkins and P.A. Sandifer. 1995. Improving sustainability of shrimp pond water resource utilization. Proceedings of the Third Ecuadorian Aquaculture Conference, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
11. Browdy, C.L. 1992. A review of the reproductive biology of Penaeus species: Perspectives on controlled shrimp maturation systems for high quality nauplii production. In: Proceedings of the Special Session on Shrimp Farming, J. Wyban Ed. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. PP. 22-51.
12. Browdy, C.L., Hadani, A., Samocha, T.M., and Loya, Y, 1989. An evaluation of frozen Artemia as a dietary supplement for the stimulation of reproduction in penaeid shrimp. In: Aquaculture - A Biotechnology in Progress. N. DePauw, E. Jaspers, H. Ackefors and N. Wilkins Eds. European Aquaculture Society, Bredene, Belgium. PP. 617-623.

Refereed articles

1. Delgado, P.C., Y. Avnimelech, R. McNeil, D. Bratvold, C. L. Browdy and P.A. Sandifer. In press. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of radially aerated shrimp ponds. Aquaculture Engineering.
2. Browdy, C.L., D. Bratvold, J.S. Hopkins, A.D. Stokes, and P.A. Sandifer. In press.. Emerging technologies for the mitigation of environmental impacts associated with shrimp aquaculture pond effluents. Asian Fisheries Science.
3. Gross, P.S., T.C. Bartlett, C.L. Browdy, R.W. Chapman, , G.W. Warr. 2001. Immune gene discovery by expressed sequence tag analysis of hemocytes and hepatopancreas in the Pacifc White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and the Atlantic White Shrimp, L. setiferus. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25:565-577.
4. Kinne, P.N., T.M. Samocha, E.R. Jones, and C.L. Browdy. 2001. Characterization of intensive shrimp pond effluent and preliminary studies on biofiltration. North American Journal of Aquaculture 63(1):25-33.
5. Bratvold, D. and Browdy C.L. 2001. Effects of sand sediment and vertical surfaces (Aquamats) on production, water quality, and microbial ecology in an intensive Litopenaeus vannamei culture system. Aquaculture. 195:81-94.
6. Bratvold, D. and C.L. Browdy. 1999. Disinfection, community establishment and production in a prototype biosecure shrimp pond. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 30:422-432.
7. Bratvold, D. and C.L. Browdy. 1998. Simple electrometric methods for estimating microbial activity in aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture Engineering 19:29-40.
8. Browdy, C.L. 1998. Recent developments in penaeid broodstock and seed production technologies: Improving the outlook for superior captive stocks. Aquaculture 164:3-21.
9. Naessens, E, P. Lavens, L. Gomez, C.L. Browdy, K. McGovern-Hopkins, A.W. Spencer, D. Kawahigashi, and P. Sorgeloos. 1997. Maturation performance of Penaeus vannamei co-fed Artemia biomass preparations. Aquaculture 155:87-101.
10. Misamore, M. and C.L. Browdy. 1997. Evaluating the hybridization potential between P. setiferus and P. vannamei through natural mating, artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization. Aquaculture 150:1-10.
11. Browdy, C.L., McGovern-Hopkins, K. J.S. Hopkins, A.D. Stokes and Sandifer, P.A. 1996. Factors affecting the reproductive performance of the Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus in conventional and unisex tank systems. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 6:11-25.
12. Misamore, M. and C.L. Browdy. 1996. Mating behavior in the White Shrimps P. setiferus and P. vannamei: A generalized model for Penaeus mating. Journal of Crustacean Biology 16:61-70.
13. Hopkins, J.S., P.A. Sandifer, C.L. Browdy, and J.D. Holloway. 1996. Comparison of exchange and no-exchange water management for the intensive culture of marine shrimp. Journal of Shellfish Research 13:441-445.
14. Hopkins, J.S., M.R. DeVoe, P.A. Sandifer, A.F. Holland and C.L. Browdy. 1995. The environmental impacts of shrimp farming with special reference to the situation in the continental U.S. Estuaries 18:25-42.
15. Hopkins, J.S., C.L. Browdy, R.D. Hamilton II and J.A Heffernan III. 1995. The effect of low rate sand filtration and modified feed management on effluent quality, pond water quality and production of intensive shrimp ponds. Estuaries 18:116-123.
16. Hopkins, J.S., C.L. Browdy, P.A. Sandifer and A.D. Stokes. 1995. Effect of two feed protein levels and two feed rate, stocking density combinations on water quality and production in intensive shrimp ponds operated without water exchange. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26:93-97.
17. Wang, Q., M. Misamore, C.Q. Jiang, and C.L. Browdy. 1995. Egg water induced reaction and biostain assay of sperm from marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei: dietary effects on sperm quality. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26:261-271.
18. Hopkins, J.S., P.A. Sandifer, C.L. Browdy and A.D. Stokes. 1994. Sludge management in intensive pond culture of shrimp: Effect of management regime on water quality, sludge characteristics, nitrogen extinction and shrimp production. Aquaculture Engineering 13:11-30.
19. Browdy, C.L., J.D. Holloway, C.O. King, A.D. Stokes, J.S. Hopkins and P.A. Sandifer, 1993. IHHN virus and intensive culture of Penaeus vannamei: Effects of stocking density and water exchange rates. Journal of Crustacean Biology 13:87-94.
20. Chow, S., C.L. Browdy and P.A. Sandifer. 1993. Timing of ovulation in the Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1761)(Decapoda, Penaeidea). Crustaceana 64:242-248.
21. Hopkins, J.S., R.D. Hamilton II, P.A. Sandifer, C.L. Browdy and A.D. Stokes. 1993. Effect of water exchange rate on production, water quality, effluent characteristics and nitrogen budgets of intensive shrimp ponds. Journal of the World Mariculture Society 24:304-320.
22. Sandifer, P.A., J.S. Hopkins, A.D. Stokes and C.L. Browdy, 1993. Preliminary comparisons of the native (Penaeus setiferus) and Pacific (P. vannamei) white shrimp for pond culture in South Carolina. Journal of the World Mariculture Society 24:295-303.
23. Hopkins, J.S., A.D. Stokes, C.L. Browdy, and P.A. Sandifer. 1992. The relationship between feeding rate, paddlewheel aeration rate and expected dawn dissolved oxygen in intensive shrimp ponds. Aquacultural Engineering 10:281-290.
24. Browdy, C.L., M. Fainzilber, M. Tom, E. Lubzens, and Y. Loya, 1990. Vitellin synthesis in relation to oogenesis in in vitro incubated ovaries of Penaeus semisulcatus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae). Journal of Experimental Zoology. 255:205-215.
25. Fainzilber, M., Browdy, C.L., Tom M., Lubzens, E., and Applebaum, S.W., 1989. Protein synthesis in vitro in cultures of the subepidermal adipose tissue and the ovary of the shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus. Tissue and Cell 6:911-916.
26. Samocha, T.M., Uziel, N., and Browdy, C.L., 1989. The effect of feeding two prey organisms, nauplii of Artemia and rotifers Brachionus plicatilis (Muller) upon survival and growth of larval marine shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (de Haan). Aquaculture 77:11-19.
27. Browdy, C.L., Hadani, A., Samocha, T.M., and Loya, Y, 1987. The reproductive performance of wild and pond reared Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan. Aquaculture 59:251-258.
28. Browdy, C.L., and Samocha, T.M.,1985. The effect of eyestalk ablation on spawning, molting, and mating of Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan. Aquaculture 49:819-29.
29. Browdy, C.L., and Samocha, T.M., 1985a. Maturation and spawning of ablated and non-ablated Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan, 1844. Journal of the World Mariculture Society 16:236-249.

Published scientific reports and technical papers

1. Hopkins, J.S., P.A. Sandifer and C.L. Browdy. 1995. Resolution of sustainability issues in South Carolina shrimp aquaculture: progress to date and future direction. Pages 131-138 In: B.J. Keller et al. eds. Proceedings of the 24th US-Japan Aquaculture Panel Symposium. Corpus Christi, Texas, October 8-10, 1995. UNJR Technical Report No. 24. NOAA, Washington DC, USA.
2. Rhodes, R.J., S. Sureshwaran, C. Greene, C.L. Browdy, J.D. Holloway Jr., and T.M. Samocha. 1995. Production effects of a greenhouse enclosed nursery system on the projected financial performance of a South Carolina marine shrimp farm. S.C. Marine Resources Division Tech Rep. No. 85. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston SC. USA 19pp.
3. Browdy, C.L., J.S. Hopkins, R.J. Rhodes, A.D. Stokes, and P.A. Sandifer. 1994. Improving the outlook for profitability of shrimp culture in South Carolina: maturation to marketing. In: T. McIlwain and G. Pruder eds. U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program 10th Anniversary Review. Special Publication No. 1 Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MI USA Pages 35-46.
4. Sureshwaran, S., C. Greene, R.J. Rhodes, C.L. Browdy and A. Stokes. 1994. Financial viability of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus vannamei with continuous live harvesting and one final harvest strategies in South Carolina. S.C. Marine Resources Division Tech Rep. No. 84. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston SC. USA 15pp.
5. Rhodes, R.J., K. McGovern-Hopkins and C.L. Browdy. 1992. Preliminary financial feasibility analysis of an independent marine shrimp hatchery located in South Carolina. S.C. Marine Resources Division Tech Rep. No. 80. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Charleston SC. USA 11pp.


Unrefereed professional articles and publications

1. Browdy, C.L., D. Bratvold, S. Hopkins, and A.D. Stokes. 2000. Estrategias progresivas en el manejo de estanques para mejorar la produccion sostenible de cameron. Panorama Acuicola 5 (2)10-11.
2. Browdy C.L. and A.F. Holland. 1998. Shrimp virus risk management: A South Carolina case study. Aquatic Nuisance Species Digest 2:25-35.
3. Browdy, C.L. 1996. Development of captive breeding programs for penaeid shrimp. Asian Shrimp News 25:2-3.
4. Hopkins, J.S., R.D. Hamilton II, P.A Sandifer and C.L. Browdy. 1993. The production of bivalve mollusks in intensive shrimp ponds and their effect on shrimp production and water quality. World Aquaculture Magazine, 24(2):74-77.


Lectures and Presentations at Meetings

Invited keynote presentations

1. Browdy,C.L., D. Bratvold and A.D. Stokes. 2001. Perspectives on the application of closed shrimp culture - systems. Invited oral presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
2. Browdy C.L. 2000. Zero exchange pond culture systems: past, present and future. Invited Oral Presentation - 4th Latin American Aquaculture Congress, Panama City, Panama
3. Browdy, C.L. 2000. A review of US Marine Shrimp Farming Program research at the Waddell Mariculture Center. Invited Oral Presentation - Aquaculture America 2000. New Orleans Louisiana, USA.
4. Bhavanishankar, S. and C.L. Browdy. 2000. A review of the status of cryobiological research on crustacean gamete and embryo preservation. Invited Oral Presentation - Aquaculture America 2000. New Orleans Louisiana, USA.
5. Subasinghe, R. et al. 2000. Disease control and health management. Invited Panel Member - International Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Bangkok, Thailand.
6. Phillips, M. et al. 2000. Systems approach to Aquaculture. Invited Panel Member - International Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Bangkok, Thailand.
7. Browdy, C.L. 1999. Shrimp broodstock nutrition, a review. Invited oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘99 Sydney, Australia.
8. Miglarese, J.D., A.D. Stokes, C.L. Browdy, P.A. Sandifer, J.S. Hopkins, D.M. Cupka, A.F. Holland and R.H Boyles Jr. 1999. Management of viral shrimp pathogens in the United States: South Carolina's approach to policy, regulation and scientific uncertainty. Invited oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘99 Sydney, Australia.
9. Browdy, C.L. 1999. Genetics and biosecurity: potential for viral management tools. Invited oral presentation - Regional Conference on Shrimp Culture: Tools and Solutions to Combat the White Spot Syndrome Virus in Latin America. Panama City, Panama.
10. Browdy, C.L. 1999. Emerging technologies for mitigation of environmental impacts associated with aquaculture pond effluents. Invited Oral Presentation - American Fisheries Society 129th Annual Meeting. Charlotte, North Carolina USA.
11. Browdy, C.L. and D. Bratvold. 1999. Exploring the potential for manipulation of microbial communities to improve shrimp culture without water exchange. Invited Oral Presentation - Acuicultura Venezuela'99. Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela.
12. Bratvold, D. and C.L. Browdy. 1998. Pond soil microbiology. Invited Oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘98. Las Vegas, NV, USA.
13. Browdy, C.L. and D. Bratvold. 1997. Pond microbial communities: significance, assessment, and management. Invited oral presentation - 4th Ecuadorian Aquaculture Conference, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
14. Sandifer, P.A., J.S. Hopkins, and C.L. Browdy. 1996. Reduction or elimination of water exchange for intensive marine shrimp farming. Invited oral presentation - 26th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
15. Browdy, C.L., P.A. Sandifer, A.D. Stokes, J.S. Hopkins and J.V. Miglarese. 1996. A risk management approach to regulation of importation of P. vannamei for culture in South Carolina. Invited oral presentation - Aquaculture America 96, Arlington, TX, USA.
16. Browdy, C.L. 1996. Recent developments in penaeid broodstock and seed production technologies: Improving the outlook for superior captive stocks. Invited oral presentation - Second international Conference on the culture of penaeid shrimps and prawns. Iloilo City, Philippines
17. Browdy, C.L., A.D. Stokes, and P.A. Sandifer. 1996. Shrimp Farm Management: Meeting the Challenges Invited oral presentation - Proceedings of the International Forum of Shrimp Culture 96'. Mazatlan, Mexico.
18. Lotz, J.M., C.L. Browdy, W.H. Carr, P.F. Frelier and D.V. Lightner. 1995. USMSFP suggested procedures and guidelines for assuring the specific pathogen status of shrimp broodstock and seed. Invited oral presentation - 25th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, San Diego, CA, USA.
19. Hopkins, J.S., C.L. Browdy and P.A. Sandifer. 1995. A review of water management regimes which abate the environmental impacts of shrimp farming. Invited oral presentation - 25th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, San Diego, CA, USA.
20. Browdy, C.L., A.D. Stokes, J.S. Hopkins and P.A. Sandifer. 1995. Improving sustainability of shrimp pond water resource utilization. Invited oral presentation - 3rd Ecuadorian Aquaculture Conference, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
21. Browdy, C.L. 1994. Improving the outlook for profitability of shrimp culture in South Carolina: Maturation to marketing. Invited oral presentation - 24th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans, LA, USA.
22. Browdy, C.L. 1992. A review of the reproductive biology of Penaeus species: Perspectives on controlled shrimp maturation systems for high quality nauplii production. Invited oral review presentation - 22nd Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, FL, USA.
23. Browdy, C.L. 1992. Progress in implementation, intensification and integration of hatchery, nursery, growout and marketing technology. Invited oral presentation - Aquaculture Expo V, New Orleans, LA, USA.
24. Browdy, C.L. 1989. Intensive growout systems in the mainland United States. Invited Oral Presentation - Asian U.S. Workshop on Shrimp Culture: The Culture of Cold Tolerant Shrimp. Honolulu, HI, USA

Presentations of papers at conferences and meetings

1. Browdy, C.L., D. Theiling, A.D. Stokes, A. Segars, J. Miglarese and P.A. Sandifer. 2002. Biosecurity, natural resources and the culture of non-indigenous shrimp species, a risk management perspective. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture 2002. Beijing, China
2. Stokes, A.D., C.L. Browdy, C.R. Weirich, P.A. Sandifer. 2002. Temperate climate single and double crop stocking strategies of Litopenaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture 2002. Beijing, China.
3. Gross, P., J. Robalino, E. Shepard, R. Chapman, G. Warr, C.L. Browdy. 2002. Characterizing the immune response in marine crustaceans: a functional genomics approach. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture 2002. Beijing, China.
4. Davidson, J. C.L. Browdy, T.M. Samocha, J. Estrada and J. Valcour. 2002. Risk factors influencing survival in ponds experiencing white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) outbreaks in Ecuador Oral presentation - World Aquaculture 2002. Beijing, China.
5. Atwood, H.L., S.P. Young, J.R. Tomasso, C.L. Browdy, C.R. Weirich. 2002. Culture of juvenile pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity and mixed-salt environments. Poster presentation - World Aquaculture 2002. Beijing, China.
6. Browdy, C.L. C.R. Weirich, A. Segars, and A.D. Stokes. 2002. Biosecurity protocols and biosecure production systems: recent advances at the Waddell Mariculture Center. Oral presentation - Aquaculture America 2002. San Diego, California USA.
7. Chapman, R.W., G.W. Warr, J. Robalino, B. Cuthbertson, H. Gefroh, K. Schey, S. Patat, P.Gross, E.Shepard and C.L.Browdy. 2002. A genomics approach to diseases of cultured species. Poster presentation - Aquaculture America 2002. San Diego, California USA.
8. Prior, S, C.L.Browdy, E.F. Sheppard, R. Laramore and P.G. Parnell. 2002. Controlled bioassay systems for determination of lethal infective doses of tissue homogenates containing taura syndrome or white spot syndrome viruses. Poster presentation - Aquaculture America 2002. San Diego, California USA.
9. Stokes, A., C.L. Browdy, C.R.Weirich, J. Richardson and C.M. Bruce. 2002. Double crop pond management strategy using Litopenaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Poster presentation - Aquaculture America 2002. San Diego, California USA.
10. Weirich, C.R., C.L. Browdy, D. Bratvold, A.D. Stokes and B.J. McAbee. 2002. Minimal discharge super-intensive shrimp production systems: Technological,biological,and economical considerations. Poster presentation - Aquaculture America 2002. San Diego, California USA.
11. Browdy C.L. 2001. . Emerging technologies for reducing environmental impacts and improving biosecurity for shrimp aquaculture. Oral presentation - 6th Asian Fisheries Forum, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
12. Browdy, C.L. 2001. Current US marine shrimp farming program research at the Waddell Mariculture Center. Oral presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
13. Calle Delgado, P., Y. Avnimelech, D. Bratvold, C.L. Browdy and P. Sandifer. 2001. Water stratification and shrimp distribution in an intensive shrimp culture pond. Oral presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
14. Jahncke, M.L., C.L. Browdy, D.C. Smith, A. Segars, M.H. Schwarz, J.L. Silva, and A.D. Stokes. 2001. Use of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) principles as a risk management tool to control exotic viruses at shrimp production and processing facilities. Oral presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
15. Moss, S.M., B.J. Argue, F.L.Castille, S.M. Arce, J.M. Lotz, V.M. Breland, D.V. Lightner, B.L. White, C.L. Browdy, S.Y. Prior, A.L. Lawrence, H. Bowers and R.A. Bullis. 2001. Family survival of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to Taura syndrome virus in field and laboratory challenges. Oral presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
16. Subramanian, B. and C.L. Browdy. 2001. Crypreservation of male gametes of the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Oral presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
17. Bruce, C., D. Bratvold and C.L. Browdy. 2001. Preliminary assessment of factors that may change shrimp production with Aquamats. Poster presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
18. Gross,P., R. Chapman,C.L.Browdy,C. Woodley, C. Downs, S. Prior and G. Warr. 2001. A functional genomics approach to host immune response among penaeid shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei and L. setiferus. Poster presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
19. Prior, S. A. Segars and C.L. Browdy. 2001. A preliminary assessment of live and frozen bait shrimp as indicators and/or vectors for shrimp viruses. Poster presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
20. Stokes, A. C.L. Browdy, J. Richardson, J. Whetstone. 2001. Low density double cropping pond management strategy using Litopenaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Poster presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
21. Subramanian, B. and C.L. Browdy. 2001. Preliminary observations on cryopreservation of embryos and larvae of the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Poster presentation - Aquaculture 2001. Orlando, Florida USA.
22. Stokes, A.D., K. Westindorf and C. L. Browdy. 2000. Managing TSV and WSV disease risks in South Carolina, a cooperative study. Poster presentation - World Aquaculture 2000. Nice France.
23. Godinot, O., P.C. Delgado, N. Abramson, D. Bratvold, C.L. Browdy. 2000. Preliminary measurements of sediment ammonia flux and oxygen demand in intensive shrimp ponds in South Carolina. Poster presentation - World Aquaculture 2000. Nice France.
24. Browdy, C.L., E. Lubzens, S. Bhavanishankar, G. Sisso, R.S. Beard and K. McGovern-Hopkins. 2000. Embryonic development of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus semisulcatus: temperature effects and chill tolerance. Poster presentation - World Aquaculture 2000. Nice France.
25. Whetstone, J.M., A.D. Stokes and C.L. Browdy. 2000. Establishment of USDA non-insured crop disaster assistance program crop insurance for South Carolina shrimp farms. Oral Presentation - Aquaculture America 2000. New Orleans Louisiana, USA.
26. Beard, R.S., S. Bhavanishankar, K. McGovern-Hopkins and C.L. Browdy. 2000. Embryonic development of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Temperature effects and chill tolerance. Poster Presentation - Aquaculture America 2000. New Orleans Louisiana, USA.
27. Prior, S. and C.L. Browdy. 2000. Postmortem persistence of White Spot and Taura Syndrome viruses in water and tissue. Poster Presentation - Aquaculture America 2000. New Orleans Louisiana, USA.
28. Stokes, A.D., K. Westindorf and C.L. Browdy. 2000. Managing TSV and WSV disease risks in South Carolina, a cooperative study. Poster Presentation - Aquaculture America 2000. New Orleans Louisiana, USA.
29. O'Malley, K., J. Lu, D. Bratvold and C.L. Browdy. 1999. Growth enhancement potential of microbial community components on fed shrimp. Poster Presentation - Aquaculture America ‘99. Tampa FL, USA.
30. Prior, S., C.L. Browdy and P. Parnell. 1999. Considerations for development of bioassay systems for analysis of penaeid viruses. Poster Presentation - Aquaculture America ‘99. Tampa FL, USA.
31. Browdy, C.L. and D. Bratvold 1999. Effects of substrate enhancement and water disinfection on microbial dynamics and shrimp production. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘99 Sydney, Australia.
32. Holloway, J.D. Jr., J.S. Hopkins, P.A. Sandifer, C.L. Browdy and A.D. Stokes. 1999. Development of environmentally friendly coastal aquaculture technologies in South Carolina. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘99 Sydney, Australia.
33. Stokes, A.D., J.M. Whetstone, C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins, P.A. Sandifer, W.A. Cox, and R.J. Rhodes. 1999. Commercial scale application of sustainable aquaculture practices on a shrimp farm in South Carolina. Poster presentation - World Aquaculture ‘99 Sydney, Australia.
34. Browdy, C.L., T. Smyth and D. Bratvold. 1998. Preliminary development of a biosecure shrimp production system. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘98. Las Vegas, NV, USA.
35. Holloway, J.D., J.R. Richardson II, J.S. Hopkins, and C.L. Browdy. 1998. Results of a no water exchange management strategy utilizing new and recycled water for the intensive culture of marine shrimp. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘98. Las Vegas, NV, USA.
36. Stokes, A.D., J.M. Whetstone, C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins, P.A. Sandifer, W.A. Cox, and R.J. Rhodes. 1998. Commercial scale application of sustainable aquaculture practices on a shrimp farm in South Carolina. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘98. Las Vegas, NV, USA.
37. Sandifer, P.A., C.L. Browdy, A.D. Stokes, J.S. Hopkins, J.V. Miglarese, A.F. Holland, D.M. Cupka, J.D. Whitaker, and J.A. Quinn. 1998. Shrimp virus risk management: Development of South Carolina Department of Natural Resource's Regulatory policies. Oral presentation - Shrimp Virus Risk Management Workshop, New Orleans, LA, USA.
38. Bratvold, D. K.A. O'Malley and C.L. Browdy 1998. Microbial community establishment in shrimp culture systems with and without sediment and initial water disinfection. Poster presentation - Eighth International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
39. Browdy, C.L., D. Bratvold, J.S. Hopkins and A.D. Stokes. 1998. Progressive pond management strategies for improving sustainable shrimp production. Oral Presentation - Proceedings of the 1st Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress, Panama City, Panama.
40. Bratvold, D., C.L. Browdy and J.S. Hopkins. 1997. Microbial ecology of shrimp ponds: toward zero discharge. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘97. Seattle, WA, USA.
41. Kinne, P.N., C.L. Browdy, T.M. Samocha, E.R. Jones, and D.A. McKee. 1997. Preliminary studies on biofiltration of intensive shrimp pond effluent. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘97. Seattle, WA, USA.
42. Mann, C.R., C.L. Browdy, D. Bratvold, T.M. Samocha and D.A. McKee. 1997. Regulations of aquaculture effluent,: A closer look at biochemical oxygen demand. Poster presentation - World Aquaculture ‘97. Seattle, WA, USA.
43. Sandifer, P.A., J.S. Hopkins, C.L. Browdy, A.D. Stokes, J.V. Miglarese, A.F. Holland, D.M. Cupka, J.D. Whitaker, and J.A. Quinn. 1997. South Carolina's regulatory response to a Taura Syndrome Virus epizootic among farmed Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, in 1996. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘97. Seattle, WA, USA.
44. Stokes, A.D., J.M. Whetstone, C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins, P.A. Sandifer, W.A. Cox and R.J. Rhodes. 1997. Commercial scale application of sustainable aquaculture practices on a shrimp farm in South Carolina. Oral presentation - World Aquaculture ‘97. Seattle, WA, USA.
45. Browdy, C.L., D. Bratvold, J.S. Hopkins and P.A. Sandifer. 1997. Aspects of microbial ecology and shrimp pond management. Oral presentation - IV Simposio Centroamericano de Acuacultura. Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
46. Hopkins, J.S., J.D. Holloway, P.A. Sandifer and C.L. Browdy. 1997. Results of recent controlled comparisons of intensive shrimp ponds operated with and without water exchange. Oral presentation - IV Simposio Centroamericano de Acuacultura. Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
47. Browdy, C.L., K. McGovern-Hopkins, A.W. Spencer, and D. Kawahigashi. 1996. Maturation performance of Penaeus vannamei fed enriched Artemia sp. Poster presentation - 26th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
48. Lee, R.F., C.L. Browdy, H.W. Paerl, J.L.Pinckney, J. Bender, and P. Phillips. 1996. Microbial mats as filters for wastes from fish and shrimp ponds. Oral presentation - 26th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
49. Rhodes, R.J., S. Sureshwaran, C.L. Browdy, and J.D. Holloway Jr. 1996. Effects of greenhouse enclosed nursery systems on the financial performance of marine shrimp farming in temperate regions: operating risk considerations. Oral presentation - 26th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
50. Stokes, A.D., C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins, and P.A. Sandifer. 1996. Development of intensive shrimp culture in South Carolina. A model for industry government cooperation. Poster presentation - 26th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
51. Hopkins, J.S., P.A. Sandifer, and C.L. Browdy. 1996. Resolution of sustainability issues in South Carolina shrimp aquaculture: Progress to date and future direction. Oral presentation - Aquaculture America 96, Arlington, TX, USA.
52. Stokes, A.D., C.L. Browdy, M.L. Baird, J.S. Hopkins, and P.A. Sandifer. 1996. Performance of U.S. native shrimp species (Penaeus setiferus, P. aztecus, P. duorarum) versus P. vannamei stocked in tanks and ponds in South Carolina. Oral presentation - Aquaculture America 96, Arlington, TX, USA.
53. Browdy, C.L., C.Q. Jiang, and L. Burnett. 1996. Live shipment of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei , without water. Oral presentation - Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic products ‘96. Seattle, WA, USA.
54. Stokes, A.D., C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins, P.A. Sandifer and M.L. Baird. 1995. Evaluation of Penaeus stylirostris reared in earthen ponds along coastal South Carolina. Oral presentation - 25th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, San Diego, CA, USA.
55. Rhodes, R.J., C.L. Browdy and A.D. Stokes. 1995. Made in the USA: What have we learned about marketing U.S. farmed shrimp? Oral presentation - 25th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, San Diego, CA, USA.
56. McGovern-Hopkins, K., C.L. Browdy, M.E. Yates and F. Jaenike. 1995. Comparisons of reproductive performance between specific pathogen free Penaeus vannamei stocks. Poster presentation - 25th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, San Diego, CA, USA.
57. Lee, R.F., Y. Oshima and C.L. Browdy. 1995. Lipovitellin utilization by nauplii of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Poster presentation - 25th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, San Diego, CA, USA.
58. Misamore, M. and C.L. Browdy. 1994. Evaluation of the potential for hybridization between two litopenaeid species, Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus setiferus. Oral presentation - 24th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans, LA, USA.
59. Hopkins, J.S., C.L. Browdy, P.A. Sandifer and A.D. Stokes. 1994. Effect of two feed protein levels and two feed rate, stocking density combinations on water quality and production in intensive shrimp ponds which do not utilize water exchange. Oral presentation - 24th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans, LA, USA.
60. Wang, Q., M. Misamore, C. Jiang, and C.L. Browdy. 1994. Egg water induced reaction and biostain assay of sperm from marine shrimp P. vannamei: Dietary effects on sperm quality. Poster presentation - 24th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans, LA, USA.
61. McGovern-Hopkins, K., C.L. Browdy, A. Spencer and J.D. Holloway. 1994. Development of a multiplication facility for Penaeus vannamei broodstock in South Carolina. Poster presentation - 24th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans, LA, USA.
62. Holloway, J.D. Jr., C.L. Browdy, P.A. Sandifer, J.S. Hopkins, A.D. Stokes and J.R. Richardson II. 1994. Comparison of the effects of four feeding regimes on the production of Penaeus vannamei in tanks. Poster presentation - 24th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans, LA, USA.
63. Rhodes, R.J., A. Johnson, C.L. Browdy and P.A. Sandifer. 1994. Analyzing live seafood marketing opportunities in the United States: The South Carolina experience with live shrimp. Poster presentation - 24th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans, LA, USA.
64. Stokes, A.D., C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins and P.A. Sandifer 1994. Advances in commercial shrimp farming in coastal South Carolina. Poster presentation - 24th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, New Orleans, LA, USA.
65. Hopkins, J.S., R.D. Hamilton II, P.A. Sandifer and C.L. Browdy. 1993. The production of bivalve mollusks in intensive shrimp ponds and their effect on shrimp production and water quality. Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
66. Sandifer, P.A., J.S. Hopkins, A.D. Stokes, C.L. Browdy and M. Baird. 1993. Hyperintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei, in ponds. Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
67. Rhodes, R.J., C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins, P.A. Sandifer and A.D. Stokes. 1993. Comparative financial analysis of culturing Penaeus vannamei vs. Penaeus setiferus in South Carolina. Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
68. Rhodes, R.J., C.L. Browdy, V.N. Grant and P.A. Sandifer. 1993. Live marine shrimp markets in the eastern United States: Survey results. Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
69. Stokes, A.D., C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins and P.A. Sandifer. 1993. Advances in commercial shrimp farming in coastal South Carolina. Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
70. Misamore, M. and C.L. Browdy 1993. Mating behavior of the Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus. Poster presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
71. Browdy, C.L., J.D. Holloway, J.S. Hopkins and P.A. Sandifer. 1993. Implementation of greenhouse enclosed headstart nursery technology for penaeid shrimp culture in temperate regions. Poster presentation - 23rd Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Torremolinos, Spain.
72. Stokes, A.D., C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins and P.A. Sandifer. 1993. Advances in commercial shrimp farming in coastal South Carolina. Poster presentation - 23rd Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Torremolinos, Spain.
73. Sandifer, P.A., J.S. Hopkins, A.D. Stokes and C.L. Browdy. 1993. Development of intensive pond culture of marine shrimp in South Carolina: From research to commercial reality. Poster presentation - 23rd Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Torremolinos, Spain.
74. Hopkins, J.S., P.A. Sandifer and C.L. Browdy and A.D. Stokes. 1993. Progress in the development of intensive shrimp pond production systems which minimize the potential for environmental impact. Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
75. McGovern-Hopkins, K., G. Konoval, and C.L. Browdy. 1993. An evaluation of the potential for selective harvesting of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus vannamei nauplii according to phototactic response. Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
76. Holloway, J.D., C.L. Browdy, P.A. Sandifer, J.S. Hopkins and A.D. Stokes. 1993. Application of greenhouse enclosed raceway technology for intensive nursery culture of Penaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
77. Elliott, S.V., C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins and P.A. Sandifer. 1993. Relationships between anemone growth in culture tanks, pleopod lesions and vibriosis in Penaeus vannamei. Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
78. Browdy, C.L., K. McGovern-Hopkins, L.J. Lester, J.S. Hopkins, and P.A. Sandifer. 1993. Production of Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus setiferus broodstock in South Carolina: Growout, overwintering, and reproductive performance. Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture and U.S. Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
79. Browdy, C.L. 1993. High health shrimp broodstock: Improving the outlook for U.S. Growers. Invited oral presentation - Aquaculture Expo VI, New Orleans, LA, USA.
80. Misamore, M. and C.L. Browdy. 1992. In vitro fertilization in Penaeus vannamei. Poster presentation - The Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society, Charleston, SC, USA.
81. Rhodes, R.J., K. McGovern-Hopkins and C.L. Browdy. 1992. Preliminary financial feasibility analysis of an independent penaeid shrimp hatchery located in South Carolina, USA Oral presentation - 22nd Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, FL, USA.
82. Hopkins, J.S., R.D. Hamilton II, P.A. Sandifer, C.L. Browdy and A.D. Stokes. 1992. The effect of water exchange on water quality and production in intensive shrimp ponds. Oral presentation - 22nd Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, FL, USA.
83. Stokes, A.D., J.D. Holloway Jr. C.L. Browdy, J.S. Hopkins, J.R. Richardson II and P.A. Sandifer. 1992. The effect of four manufactured diets on the intensive tank culture of Penaeus setiferus. Oral presentation - 22nd Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, FL, USA.
84. Sandifer, P.A., C.L. Browdy, M. Baird, J.S. Hopkins and A.D. Stokes. 1992. Intensive pond culture of the white shrimp Penaeus setiferus, in South Carolina: Advantages and limitations. Oral presentation - 22nd Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, FL, USA.
85. McGovern-Hopkins, K., C.L. Browdy, A.D. Stokes, and J.S. Hopkins. 1992. Maturation and spawning of Penaeus setiferus in conventional and unisex tank systems: Effects of ultraviolet water treatment and male eyestalk ablation. Oral presentation - 22nd Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Orlando, FL, USA.
86. McGovern-Hopkins, K., C.L. Browdy, J.D. Holloway, and J.S. Hopkins. 1991. Penaeid shrimp hatchery system development for South Carolina. Poster presentation - 21st Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
87. Browdy, C.L., A.D. Stokes, J.S. Hopkins, and P.A. Sandifer. 1991. Evaluation of intensive pond mono- and poly-culture of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Oral presentation - 21st Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
88. Stokes, A.D., J.S. Hopkins, C.L. Browdy and P.A. Sandifer 1991. Commercial farming of P. vannamei in South Carolina: The hatchery stock dilemma. Oral presentation - 21st Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
89. Hopkins, J.S., P.A .Sandifer, A.D. Stokes and C.L. Browdy. 1991. The effect of minimal water exchange on water quality and production in intensive marine fish ponds. Oral presentation - 21st Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
90. Browdy, C.L. 1991. The potential of the Atlantic White Shrimp species (Penaeus setiferus) as a replacement for the species of choice (Penaeus vannamei). Oral presentation - South Atlantic Regional Aquaculture Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA.
91. Sandifer, P.A., J.S. Hopkins, A.D. Stokes, and C.L. Browdy. 1990. Experimental cultivation of the native white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus, in South Carolina. Oral presentation - 20th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Halifax, Canada.
92. Holloway, J.D. Jr., C.L. Browdy, J.R. Richardson II, C.O. King, A.D. Stokes, J.S. Hopkins, and P.A. Sandifer. 1990. IHHN virus and intensive culture of Penaeus vannamei: Effects of stocking density on production and harvest size distributions. Oral presentation - 20th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Halifax, Canada.
93. Chow, S., W.J. Dougherty, C.L. Browdy, P.A. Sandifer and D. Whitaker. 1989. Spawning of shrimp, Penaeus setiferus: Behavior, time and concurrence with ovulation. Poster presentation - Annual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists. Boston, MA, USA
94. Browdy, C.L., M. Fainzilber, M. Tom, E. Lubzens, and Y. Loya. 1988. Vitellin synthesis in relation to oogenesis in in vitro incubated ovaries of Penaeus semisulcatus. Poster presentation - Annual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists. San Francisco, CA, USA
95. Browdy, C.L. and T.M. Samocha. 1988. Induced maturation and larval rearing of Penaeus semisulcatus. Oral presentation - Israel Aquaculture Society Meeting. Haifa, Israel.
96. Browdy, C.L., Hadani, A., Samocha, T.M., and Loya, Y, 1987. An evaluation of frozen Artemia as a dietary supplement for the stimulation of reproduction in penaeid shrimp. Poster presentation - Aquaculture Europe '87. European Aquaculture Society. Amsterdam, Holland.
97. Browdy, C.L., A. Hadani, T.M. Samocha, and Y. Loya. 1987. The collection and transport of wild gravid Penaeus semisulcatus and their reproductive performance in captivity. Oral presentation - 18th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Guayaquil Ecuador.
98. Samocha, T.M., N. Uziel, and C.L. Browdy. 1987. Evaluation of animal protein sources for the culture of penaeid shrimp larvae. Oral presentation - 18th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, Guayaquil Ecuador.
99. Browdy, C.L. and Samocha, T.M. 1985. Maturation and spawning of ablated and non-ablated females of Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan, 1844. Oral presentation - Symposium on the growth of saltwater shrimps and prawns, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
100. Browdy, C.L. 1985. A comparison of the reproductive performance of two generations of captive female Penaeus semisulcatus brood stock. Oral presentation - Annual Scientific Meeting at the Inter-university Institute of Eilat, H. Steinitz Marine Biology Laboratory, Eilat, Israel.
101. Browdy, C.L. and T.M. Samocha. 1985. Maturation and spawning of ablated and non-ablated Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan (1844). Oral presentation. 16th Annual Meeting of the World Mariculture Society, Orlando, Florida, USA
102. Samocha, T.M. and C.L. Browdy. 1983. A preliminary comparison of two methods for the larval rearing of Green Tiger Prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan, 1844) in Eilat, Israel. Oral presentation - Workshop on food for larval organisms in aquaculture, Eilat, Israel.


Research Grants

1985 -1987 Samocha T.M. and C.L. Browdy. Research on the reproductive biology of P. semisulcatus funded from an internal grant from Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Institute. Budget: $100,000
1984 -1986 Loya, Y. and C.L. Browdy. Fund for the Elimination of Hunger. Tel Aviv University, Faculty of life Sciences. Budget: $5000
1990 -1991 Sandifer P. and C.L. Browdy. Co-Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $376,000.
1991 -1992 Sandifer P. and C.L. Browdy. Co-Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $376,000.
1992 -1993 Browdy, C.L. and P. Sandifer. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $406,500.
1993 -1994 Browdy, C.L. and P. Sandifer. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $399,500.
1994 -1995 Browdy, C.L. and P. Sandifer. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $371,000.
1995 -1996 Browdy, C.L. and P. Sandifer. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $330,000.
1995 -1996 Hopkins, J.S., P. Sandifer and C.L. Browdy. Co-Principal investigator: South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium: Management of sludge accumulations in intensive pond culture of shrimp. Budget: $106,872.
1996 -1999 Hopkins, J.S., P. Sandifer and C.L. Browdy. Co-Principal investigator: South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium: Management of sludge accumulations in intensive pond culture of shrimp. Budget: $108,605.
1996 -1997 Hopkins, J.S., P. Sandifer and C.L. Browdy. Co-Principal investigator: South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium: Development of Environmentally Friendly Coastal Aquaculture Technologies. Budget $94,571.
1996 -1997 Browdy, C.L. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $330,000.
1997 -1998 Hopkins, J.S., P. Sandifer and C.L. Browdy. Co-Principal investigator: South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium: Development of Environmentally Friendly Coastal Aquaculture Technologies. Budget $96,246.
1997 -1999 Browdy, C.L. Principal Investigator: Subcontractor for Small Business Innovation Research Program US Department of Commerce: Broodshrimp nutrition: Cold Processed, Stabilized complete feeds for maturation. Budget $60,000.
1997 -2000 Hopkins, J.S., P. Sandifer and C.L. Browdy. Co-Principal investigator: South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium: Management of sludge accumulations in intensive pond culture of shrimp. Budget: $37,745.
1997 -1998 Browdy, C.L. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $360,000.
1998 -1999 Browdy, C.L. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $380,000.
1998 -2001 Browdy, C.L. and Lubzens, E. Principal Investigator: US - Israel Binational Agriculture Research and Development Fund, Cryopreservation of Penaeid Shrimp Embryos: Development of a Germplasm Cryobank for Preservation of High Health and Genetically Improved Stocks. Budget: $285,044.
1999 -2000 Browdy, C.L. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $380,000.
1999 -2000 Chapman, R., C.L. Browdy and E. Wenner Co-Principal Investigator: National Marine Fisheries Service, Saltonstall-Kennedy Project, Sampling and evaluation of White Spot and IHHN virus Incidence in Commercially Important South Atlantic Penaeid Shrimp Stocks. Budget: $179,425.
1999 -2001 Browdy, C.L. and Bratvold, D. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Management of Aquacultural Effluent from Ponds, $40,000.
1999 -2000 Chapman, R., C.L. Browdy, G. Warr and C. Woodley. Co-Principal Investigator: National Marine Fisheries Service, Shrimp Disease and Immunity: host, Pathogen Environment Interactions. Budget: $285,000.
1999 -2000 Jahncke, M., M. Schwartz, D. Smith J. Silva and C.L. Browdy. Cooperating Investigator: Sea Grant aquatic nuisance species research, Application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) Principles as a Risk Management Approach for Exotic Pathogen and Exotic Species Control in Aquaculture. Budget: $38,536
2000 -2001 Browdy, C.L. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $372,844.
2000 -2001 Chapman, R., C.L. Browdy, G. Warr and C. Woodley. Co-Principal Investigator: National Marine Fisheries Service, Shrimp Disease and Immunity: host, Pathogen Environment Interactions. Budget: $285,000.
2000 -2003 Richardson, J., D. Hoskins, R. Walker, and C. Browdy. Associate Investigator. Sea grant minority serving institutions partnership program: The business of science: Using mariculture as a tool to encourage diversity in marine science careers. Budget: $64,000
2001 -2002 Browdy, C.L. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $456,232.
2001 - 2002 Chapman, R., C.L. Browdy, G. Warr and C. Woodley. Co-Principal Investigator: National Marine Fisheries Service, Shrimp Disease and Immunity: host, Pathogen Environment Interactions. Budget: $266,732.
2002 - 2004 Weirich, C.R., C.L. Browdy, D. Bratvold, A.D. Stokes, R.F. Malone. Co Principal investigator: South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium: Application of emerging marine water treatment technologies for use in zero exchange, biosecure, super-intensive shrimp production systems. Budget: $106,000.
2002 -2003 Browdy, C.L. Principal Investigator: U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Budget: $472,898.

Synopsis of Research

My research efforts over the past 18 years have been focused on different aspects of aquaculture with an emphasis on marine shrimp culture. At the Waddell Mariculture Center (WMC) my research has been supported by a grant from the United States Department of Agriculture for the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program Consortium (USMSFP). I have been principal investigator for the WMC on this multi-disciplinary multi-institutional research effort aimed at the establishment of a domestic marine shrimp farming industry in the United States. The research efforts are directed in three major objectives: seed supply, disease control and production systems. Over the years this base funding has been supplemented by other competitive federal grants, international grants, and contracts with commercial companies to augment and expand research efforts beyond the scope of the USMSFP research while supporting its major objectives. To summarize, the following synopsis is organized according to these objectives.

Seed Supply

The establishment of a reliable supply of seed is a prerequisite to the successful development of any aquaculture industry. Between 1982 and 1989 I completed my Ph.D. research on the reproductive biology of Penaeus semisulcatus. My research on the maturation and spawning of this species has been recognized as some of the most rigorous and well designed studies ever conducted on the captive reproduction of penaeid shrimp, winning the best paper award at my first international aquaculture conference in 1985 (Browdy and Samocha 1985AB, Browdy et al. 1989). We were one of the first to rear broodstock in ponds completely closing the life cycle of a marine shrimp (Browdy et al. 1987). To this day I am recognized as a world expert in captive maturation and reproduction systems and have been invited to prepare review papers and presentations in this area (Browdy 1992, Browdy 1998, Browdy 1999). Having achieved the closing of the life cycle in captivity my Ph.D. research then moved to the physiology and endocrine control over the process of vitellogenesis in crustaceans. Through in vitro incubations of shrimp tissues the incorporation of labeled leucine into yolk proteins was studied in relation to oogenesis (Fainziber et al. 1989, Browdy et al. 1990).

Once in the United States at the WMC, research on penaeid reproduction and larval culture has been continued. USMSFP research efforts have been directed towards the establishment of specific pathogen free captive populations of Litopenaeus vannamei and their genetic improvement through breeding and selection. At the WMC we have supported these research efforts through the annual evaluation of selected families produced and tagged at the Oceanic Institute in growout systems at the WMC. Our research demonstrated the successful culture of broodstock during a limited local growing season, demonstrating subsequent reproductive performance. I have managed the establishment of a pilot commercial scale broodstock culture, maturation and larval culture system at the WMC for the production of seed for studies on site and for supplementation of seed supplies for the developing industry in South Carolina. During the spring of 1995 these efforts culminated in the successful production of almost 30 million postlarve in a three month period, averting a seed supply shortage which would have constrained one of the most successful growing seasons ever achieved in South Carolina in which industry produced over one million pounds of shrimp worth over three million dollars. Many of these efforts to develop and refine seed production technologies were reviewed in a recent invited keynote presentation and publication (Browdy 1998). With the development of these technologies and application of efforts to overcome some of the constraints to financial feasibility (Rhodes et al. 1992) local commercial hatcheries are now being established.

Basic research on reproductive physiology focused on both the native species Litopenaeus setiferus and the pacific species Litopenaeus vannamei. Studies focused on the sequence of events surrounding ovulation and spawning (Chow et al. 1993). Studies were carried out on sperm viability and reactions associated with fertilization processes (Wang et al. 1995). These studies led to the first documented repeated in vitro fertilization in a penaeid shrimp (Misamore 1997). In the framework of masters research Misamore (1996, 1997) studied the mating behavior of L. setiferus and L. vannamei and evaluated the hybridization potential of these related white shrimp species through natural mating, artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization. The lack of hybridization success was of significance to natural resource risk assessment with the documentation of escapement of the Pacific white shrimp from local culture facilities. Currently, I am directing a BARD research project with Dr. E. Lubzens to explore the potential for cryopreservation of penaeid shrimp embryos to allow for ultimate development of a germplasm cryobank for preservation of high health and genetically improved stocks. A postdoctoral fellow in my laboratory recently presented a review on crustacean gamete and embryo cryobiology and an update on our current research efforts aimed at characterizing embryonic development of L. vannamei in terms of temperature effects and chill tolerance (Bhavanishankar and Browdy 2000, Beard et al. 2000). Finally, an ongoing effort to explore dietary effects on shrimp reproduction (Browdy et al. 1989, Naessens et al. 1997) has culminated in a current research contract with a commercial company to evaluate a biosecure irradiated diet based on a pelleted feed. A full pilot scale commercial trial is now underway in my laboratory with promising preliminary results.

Disease Control

Disease remains one of the most significant constraints to aquaculture development in many sectors. Sustainable husbandry and resource protection require control of infectious disease in culture systems. The WMC is part of the South carolina Department of Natural Resources (DNR)and as such has the dual mandate to support aquaculture development for enhancement and expansion of fishery resources and to regulate aquaculture development for the protection of natural resources. Therefore, the WMC research programs which I have managed or participated in have had an important disease control component. I am a member of the DNR's crustacean management committee, mariculture review committee and non-indigenous species committee. I have played a major role in the development and the refinement of the state's regulations and permits for the importation and possession of non-indigenous species. The research and regulatory efforts of the USMSFP and the DNR relative to disease risk assessment and risk management are some of the most advanced in the world and may serve as models for other jurisdictions (Lotz et al. 1995). I have been invited to participate in national and international workshops and conferences relative to aquatic animal health and disease risk management (Sandifer et al. 1998, Browdy 1999) most recently serving on the disease control and health management panel at the FAO International Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium in Bangkok Thailand (Subasinghe et al. 2000). Research efforts have focused on shrimp viral disease. We have worked on the characterization of the effects of IHHNV in culture environments (Browdy et al. 1993) and have gone on to develop a bioassay laboratory for the study of more lethal viral diseases (see presentations: Prior et al. 1999, 2000). Recent research at the biosecure bioassay facility has focused on diagnosis of subacute disease, and persistence of viable virus in shrimp tissues. We have developed a technique for LD50 injection assays which allow for controlled studies of factors affecting immune response or disease infectivity as well as comparisons between species and strains. As a result of this work additional funding has been generated and a multi institutional consortium has been established here to study the shrimp immune system. Currently, as part of the functional genomics research component, RNA libraries have been developed and hundreds of genes associated with the shrimp immune response are being sequenced for further study. I am also serving as a co-principal investigator on two other federal grants evaluating Virus incidence in commercially important South Atlantic penaeid shrimp stocks and applying HACCP protocols as a risk management approach for exotic pathogens in aquaculture.

Production systems

The WMC has been a leader in research on shrimp production systems and the facility is uniquely suited for this research with 25 ponds, five tanks pad systems, greenhouses, and new raceway systems. These facilities have allowed for replicated studies aimed at developing production regimes for local species for bait and on achieving high intensive production levels for L. vannamei tail production (Hopkins et al. 1992, Sandifer et al. 1993, Browdy et al. 1996, 1998) which support financial viability (Browdy et al. 1994, Sureshwaran et al. 1994, Rhodes et al. 1995). Since 1992 the focus of our research has shifted from increasing intensification to improving water management, increasing environmental and financial sustainability and development of newer more environmentally friendly production systems. The WMC was the global leader in the development of management strategies which eliminate reliance on water exchange (Hopkins et al. 1993, 1994, 1995ABCD, Browdy et al. 1995, Hopkins et al. 1996). This research has supported a worldwide trend towards reduction of water exchange in shrimp farming. This has resulted in massive decreases in the discharge of nutrients into receiving waters, improvements in the outlook for disease control and overall savings in pumping costs and energy use for the industry. As production rates in experimental zero exchange production units have been increased, the significance of the microbial community in nutrient mineralization and recycling grew. Research was expanded to study system microbial ecology and potential for of the microbial community through fertilization regimes, habitat manipulation, and addition of bacterial amendments (Browdy and Bratvold 1997, 1998). Much of this research is ongoing and has been presented at international meetings while publications are being prepared (Bratvold et al. 1997, Browdy et al. 1997, Browdy and Bratvold 1997, Bratvold and Browdy 1998, Bratvold et al. 1998, O'Malley et al. 1999, Browdy and Bratvold 199AB). Our research has included the application of these technologies to developing more biosecure production systems for the exclusion of significant pathogens (Bratvold and Browdy 1999). Currently, our base USMSFP funding is being directed at continuing our research towards the development of a new generation of environmentally friendly intensive production systems which may be sited away from the coastal zone. These enclosed raceways have super-intensive stocking densities, elaborate biosecurity protocols, heating, etc. Our research on microbial community ecology is being applied to maximize sustainable production levels while minimizing associated environmental impact. Other federal competitive grants explore the management of the sludge and of the harvest effluents from these intensive zero exchange systems.

The multifaceted research program described above involves the contributions of many individuals from interns and technical staff to biologists and postdoctoral fellows to visiting or collaborating scientists. As principal investigator on the grant providing the base funding I have strived to build teams to expand our ability to effectively study many different aspects of the issues surrounding development of aquaculture in general and marine shrimp culture in particular in South Carolina and the US. Through effective management of existing staff, development of collaborations with local, national and international colleagues, successful development and management of grant funding opportunities, and good science, the research program described above is well positioned to continue to make important contributions to the field and to continue to support aquaculture development.
Present Academic Activities

Books and articles in preparation

Weirich, C.R., C.L. Browdy , D. Bratvold B.J. McAbee, and A.D. Stokes. In press. Preliminary Characterization of a Prototype Minimal Exchange Super-Intensive Shrimp Production System Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture.
Prior, S., C.L. Browdy, E.F. Sheppard, R. Laramore and P. Parnell. Submitted. Controlled bioassay systems for determination of lethal infective doses of tissue homogenates containing taura syndrome or white spot syndrome viruses.
Avnimelech, Y., D. Bratvold, and C.L. Browdy. In prep. Analysis of the effect of sedimentation on shrimp pond harvest effluent.
Bhavanishankar, S. and C.L. Browdy. In prep. Embryonic development of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Temperature effects and chill tolerance.
Browdy, C.L. and S. Prior. In prep.. Postmortem persistence of White Spot and Taura Syndrome viruses in water and shrimp tissue.